The Comparative Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System in 26 Species of Zoophagous-Polyphagous Palearctic Birds / Anatomía Comparada del Sistema Digestivo Superior en 26 Especies de Aves Paleárticas Zoófagas-Polífagas

SUMMARY: Birds are the most diversified organisms on Earth, with species covering various niches in each major biome, being essential to understand the modern ecosystem. This study concentrates on the diversification of the anatomical structure of the upper digestive tract for 26 species of zoophage-polyphagous birds and the anatomical differences in the digestive system to reveal aspects related to their evolution and diversification. The trophic spectrum of the selected birds includes several categories of food, or, as in the case of strictly carnivorous birds, to a single food category. After performing the dissections, the digestive tract was separated from the carcass and each digestive segment was measured and analysed. In this study, it was demonstrated that the birds' feeding behaviour influence the macroscopic particularities of the digestive system, more visible in the cranial portion (oropharyngeal cavity, esophagus, proventriculus and gizzard), with little descriptive information in the literature. The tongue is poorly developed and immobile in piscivorous birds, while the tongue of insectivorous birds is long and moves considerably away from the tip of the bill. The esophagus was stretchable and presents longitudinal folds on its entire surface in piscivorous species and not extensible in insectivorous birds.

Las aves son los organismos más diversificados de la Tierra, con especies que cubren varios nichos en cada bioma principal, siendo esenciales para comprender el ecosistema moderno. Este estudio se concentra en la diversificación de la estructura anatómica del tracto digestivo superior para 26 especies de aves zoófago-polífagas y las diferencias anatómicas en el sistema digestivo para revelar aspectos relacionados con su evolución y diversificación. El espectro trófico de las aves seleccionadas incluye varias categorías de alimentos o, como en el caso de las aves estrictamente carnívoras, una sola categoría de alimentos. Después de realizar las disecciones, se separó el tracto digestivo de la canal y se midió y analizó cada segmento digestivo. En este estudio se demostró que el comportamiento alimentario de las aves influye en las particularidades macroscópicas del sistema digestivo, más visibles en la porción craneal (cavidad orofaríngea, esófago, proventrículo y molleja), con poca información descriptiva en la literatura. En las aves piscívoras, la lengua está poco desarrollada e inmóvil, mientras que la lengua de las aves insectívoras es larga y se aleja considerablemente de la punta del pico. El esófago era estirable y presentaba pliegues longitudinales en toda su superficie en especies piscívoras y no extensible en aves insectívoras.

Parâmetros zootécnicos e desenvolvimento da moela de frangos de corte em dietas de sorgo grão e a inclusão de carotenoides / Zootechnical parameters and gizzard development of broilers fed with sorghum grain and carotenoid supplementation

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pelo sorgo grão, moído ou inteiro, e a inclusão de carotenoides sintéticos em rações de frangos de corte, sobre parâmetros zootécnicos e desenvolvimento da moela. Utilizaram-se 960 frangos, machos e fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, que foram submetidos a quatro dietas: à base de milho (M), à base de sorgo moído (SM) ou ainda acrescido de carotenoides sintéticos (SMC) e à base de sorgo inteiro (SI). Foram avaliados peso vivo, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes, peso de moela. A ração de SI proporcionou maior desenvolvimento de moela, embora, aos sete dias, não tenha havido diferenças no peso vivo e na conversão alimentar entre as dietas. SM e SMC proporcionaram maiores valores de peso vivo aos 28 dias do que SI. As conversões alimentares real e tradicional aos 40 dias foram semelhantes para as rações de sorgo, com um melhor rendimento de carcaça em SM e SMC. O sorgo moído pode substituir integralmente o milho nas rações para frangos de corte, sem comprometimento de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, e, na forma grão inteiro, é zootecnicamente viável.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of corn with ground or whole grain sorghum and the inclusion of carotenoids in broiler feed on zootechnical parameters and gizzard development. A total of 960 Cobb 500 broilers, half of each sex, were submitted to four feeds: ground corn (M), ground sorghum (SM) ground sorghum with carotenoid supplementation (SMC) and whole grain sorghum (SI). Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass and cuts yield, gizzard weight were evaluated. SI feed provided a greater development of gizzard, however at 7 days there were no differences in body weight and feed conversions between diets. SM and SMC provided higher values of body weight at 28 days than SI feed. Feed conversion at 40 days were the same for the sorghum feeds with a better carcass yield in SM and SMC. Ground sorghum can completely replace corn in broiler diets without compromising performance and carcass yield, and whole grain sorghum is zootecnaly viable.(AU)

New Record of Schistorophus cirripedesmi (Nematoda: Acuariidae) from a Bar-Tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica baueri (Charadriformes: Scolopacidae) in Korea

In July 2014, a nematode species, Schistorophus cirripedesmi Rhizhikov and Khokhlova, 1964, was recovered from a bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica baueri that was stored in a -20˚C freezer in the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center. The bird was collected in 2012 from the coastal region of Pyeongtaek-si (City), Gyeonggi-do (Province) in the Republic of Korea, although the exact date is not clear. At necropsy, 9 nematodes were found in the gizzard of the bird. The parasites had 4 horn-like cephalic cuticular ornamentations. After morphometric comparison and morphological observations, including scanning electron microscopy, the nematodes were identified as S. cirripedesmi. This is the first description of a nematode species in a shorebird in Korea. This is also the first time this genus and species have been found in Korea.

Determination of amino acids in Galli Gigerii endothelium corneum by HPLC with pre-column derivatization / 中国中药杂志

Hydrolytic amino acids were extracted by acid hydrolysis method, then derivatized with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC). And the samples were analysed by HPLC on an Ultimate Prime C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with gradient elution of 0.1 mol x L(-1) sodium acetate buffer solution (adjusted to pH 6. 5)-acetonitrile (93:7) (A) and acetonitrile-water (8:2) (B) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). Column temperature was 40 degrees C and the detected wavelength was 254 nm. Amino acids derivative solution remained stable in 36 hours. The response was linear for 16 amino acids with a correlation coefficient r > 0.999 5. The average recoveries were 98.01% -101.8%. The method is reliable with good accuracy and repeatability, which is useful for the determination of amino acids in Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum.

Histological observation of the stomach of the yellow-billed grosbeak / Observación histológica del estómago del pepitero de cola negra

The stomachs of the yellow-billed grosbeaks were examined by means of light microscopy. The mucous membrane of the proventriculus presented many folds and sulci. The sulci were lined by simple columnar cells with basal nuclei and clear acidophilic cytoplasm. The proventriculus glands were constituted by many round or elliptical glandular lobules. The sulci and the collecting duct of compound tubular glands showed an intense positive reaction in PAS and AB stain. The gizzard was characterized by an internal abrasion-resistant lining cuticle and a thick muscular layer. The cuticle, gizzard glands and muscular layer in two sides were thicker than those in the cranial and caudal.

Los estómagos del Pepitero de cola negra fueron examinados mediante microscopía óptica. La membrana mucosa del proventrículo presentó muchos pliegues y surcos. Los surcos estaban revestidos por células columnares simples con núcleos basales y un citoplasma claro acidófilo. Las glándulas proventriculares estaban constituidos por abundantes lóbulos glandulares redondos o elípticos. Los surcos y conductos colectores de las glándulas tubulares compuestas mostraron una reacción positiva e intensa a las tinciones de PAS y AB. La molleja estomacal se caracterizó por una cutícula de revestimiento resistente a la abrasión interna y una capa muscular gruesa. La cutícula, glándulas de la molleja y capa muscular en ambos lados eran más gruesas que en la craneal y caudal.

Cholesterol and fatty acids profile of Brazilian commercial chicken giblets

This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition, cholesterol contents and fatty acids profile of Brazilian commercial chicken giblets. The analysis were performed in gizzard, liver and heart in natura and also in cooked gizzard, fried liver and roasted heart. Fat and cholesterol contents ranged from 0.88 and 72.68 mg/100 g, in cooked gizzard, to 22.19 and 213.18 mg/100 g, in roasted heart. As the fat content gets higher, so does the cholesterol content. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) were the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA). The C16:0 ranged from 6.39 in cooked gizzard to 18.51 in fried liver. The C18:0 level ranged from 6.62 in roasted heart to 19.19 in cooked gizzard. Linoleic acid (C18:2 omega 6) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The data revealed that the three different analysed giblets presented a good PUFA/SFA ratio, with values of 1.11, 1.14 and 1.40 for cooked gizzard, fried liver and roasted heart, respectively.

Mycoflora of Chicken-Viscera with Aid of RAPD Technique as a Tool for Confirmation

A total of 100 samples of chicken-viscera were collected from different poultry-slaughtering houses in Austria; (20 samples of each of gizzard, heart, intestine, liver and spleen). Intestine and gizzard were heavy contaminated with moulds than other examined visceral organs (4.4x105 and 2.6x104 colonies/1 g of the samples, respectively). Fungal contamination was not detected in all samples of heart and spleen. Eighty-five mould isolates were collected from the examined samples, the majority of isolates belonging to Aspergillus glaucus group (20.0%) and Trichoderma (14.1%). These isolates comprised 15 species belonging to 9 genera. Members of Aspergillus glaucus (telomorph: Eurotium) group and Trichoderma were further confirmed their identification using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique.

Ultrastructure of endocrine cells of the stomach, proventriculus and gizzard, of the red capped cardinal: paroaria g. gularis, Linnaeus, 1766

Las células endocrinas del estómago (proventrículo y molleja) del cardenal rojo (Paroaria g. gularis ), fueron estudiadas a través del microscopio electrónico de transmisión. En el proventrículo, estas células están localizadas entre las células secretoras de la glándula proventricular profunda. En la molleja, están localizadas entre las células de revestimiento tubular simple de la glándula. Los dos tipos de células secretoras y de revestimiento, son alargadas y presentan un núcleo oval, mitocondrias escasamente alargadas u ovales y retículo endoplasmático granular poco desarrollado y numerosos gránulos de secreción

Histological aspects of the stomach of burrowing owl: spéotyto cunicularia, Molina, 1782

Fue realizado un estudio histológico con microscopio óptico, del estómago, proventrículo y ventrículo de la lechuza. En el proventrículo (proventriculus, pars glandularis), el epitelio de las células de la mucosa columnar del revestimiento presenta láminas y una glándula tubular simple superficial (gll. proventricularis superficiaes y lamina muscularis mucosae), apoyado por corion, formando la túnica mucosa gástrica. La tela fina, submucosae gastris está constituida predominantemente por numerosas y exuberantes gll. proventricularis gastris profundae, una glándula de tipo tubular bifurcada que se abre sobre la superficie de la mucosa. Una túnica muscularis gastris bien desarrollada de músculo liso presenta internamente stratum circulare y externamente stratum longitudinal. Entre esas dos capas, el tejido conectivo muestra vasos sanguíneos y células ganglionares de plexo de Auerbach. La túnica serosa está constituida por tejido conectivo que presenta células adiposas, vasos sanguíneos y elementos nerviosos de plexo seroso. En el ventrículo (ventriculus pars muscularis) situado caudalmente al proventrículo, encontramos histológicamente las mismas túnicas que en el anterior, exceptuando la tela submucosae gastris. El epitelio columnar de revestimiento presenta pocas láminas conectadas por una fina cutícula (cuticula gastrica) y glándula tubular simple (gll. ventricularis) seguida por lamina mucosa gastris. Separado por un fino tejido conectivo, adyacente a la lamina muscularis mucosae, se encuentra una bien desarrollada tunica muscularis gastris con una fina capa interna (stratum circulare) y otra externa (stratum longitudinale), mostrándose entre ellas el plexo de Auerbach. La túnica serosa del ventrículo es similar a la del proventrículo

Histological aspects of the stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of the red-capped cardinal (paroaria gularis gularis, Linnaeus, 1766)

Un estudio morfológico (histológico) del estómago (proventrículo y molleja) del cardenal rojo (Paroaria gularis gularis) fue efectuado bajo microscopio de luz. Anatómicamente, el estómago del cardenal rojo está constituido por dos cámaras distintas; la región craneal, glandular o el proventrículo (proventriculus, pars glandularis), la cual se está conectada cranialmente con el esófago y caudalmente, está el ventrículo (ventriculos, pars muscularis) también conocida como porción muscular. Ambas, la túnica mucosa del proventrículo y del ventrículo presentan pliegues alineados de epitelio simple prismático. Una cutícula densa está colocada encima de la túnica mucosa del ventrículo. En la lámina propia de ambas regiones, se encuentran glándulas tubulares simples. La submucosa del proventrículo está ocupado por glándulas proventriculares profundas. Debido a la ausencia de una mucosa muscular, la submucsa del ventrículo no puede ser distinguido de la lámina propia. La túnica mucosa del proventrículo, consiste de un lecho interior longitudinal, de un lecho intermedio circular y de un lecho externo longitudinal discontinuo de músculo liso. En el ventrículo, consiste de un lecho longitudinal interno y de un lecho circular externo. Em ambas cámaras, la serosa está constituida por tejido conectivo revestido por mesotelio, conteniendo vasos sanguíneos, elementos nerviosos del plexo seroso y tejido adiposo

Copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium levels in liver and gizzard of broiler chickens

Samples of liver and gizzard [30 of each] were collected from Alexandria Poultry Processing Plant. The analysis of liver and gizzard revealed that, the mean concentration of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium were 4.41 +/- 0.21, 38.37 +/- 2.87, 9.83 +/- 0.61, 0.79 +/- 0.05 and 0.21 +/- 0.02 ug/g liver, respectively, and 2.03 +/- 0.20, 23.89 +/- 0.98, 9.38 +/- 0.21, 0.62 +/- 0.03 and 0.1 +/- 0.01 ug/g gizzard, respectively. The importance and public health significance of each metal was discussed

Estudio del epitelio cornificado de molleja de pollo con fines terapéuticos / Epitelium cornificade study in chicken with therapeutic use

El epitelio cornificado de molleja de pollo, puede ser utilizado como fuente de proteinas, ya que contienen 58.10 por ciento de proteinas digeribles y ademas 5mg por ciento de vitamina C, 7mg por ciento de ácido nicotinico, 200 ug por ciento de rivoflavina y 100 ug de tiamina. El epitelio es apto para el consumo porque no se han encontrado tóxicos volátiles, ni metales pesados y su recuento microbiano está dentro de los parámetros permitidos. Bajo las condiciones experimentales el epitelio no mostró acción sobre los cálculos biliares y renales. El efecto antiespasmódico que se le atribuía sobre los dolores estomacales no se debe a la acción de enzimas porque éstas no se encuentran en el epitelio.

Occurrence and public health importance of enterobacteriacea in giblets at consumer level

A total of 30 samples of giblets [10 of each gizzards, hearts and livers] were collected from general markets at Alexandria Province and examined bacteriologically for detection of enteric organisms. Respectively, the mean values for total coliform/g of the gizzard, heart and liver were 8.30 x 10 4 +/- 2.06 x 10 4, 3.64 x 10 2 +/- 0.67 x 10 2 and 2.79 x 10 4 +/- 0.55 x 10 4 and 7.06 x 10 4 +/- 2.23 x 10 4, 4.72 x 10 2 +/- 0.85 x 10 2 and 3.6 x 10 4 +/- 0.67 x 10 4 for total Enterobacteriaceae count. E. coli were the highest isolates from gizzards, hearts and livers [11.90%, 23.80% and 4.76%], followed by Enterobacter cloacae [2.38%, 9.52% and 4.76%] and Enterobacter aerogenes [2.38%, 9.52% and 2.38%]. Citrobacter frequndii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus morganii, Salmonella spp., Salmonella typhi and Shigella flexneri type 6, could be isolated in a different percentages from examined samples. Spoilage effect as well as the public health significance of isolated species have been discussed